Partial Order

🅟 Feb 22, 2026

  🅤 Apr 19, 2026

PO#DEF. Partial Order.

A partial order is an antisymmetric preorder, i.e. a binary relation $\leq$ on $X$ such that:

  1. Reflexivity. For all $x\in X$,

    \[x \leq x.\]
  2. Transitivity. For all $x$, $y$, $z\in X$,

    \[x\leq y \,\land\, y\leq z \enspace\rimp\enspace x\leq z.\]
  3. Antisymmetry. For all $x$, $y\in X$,

    \[x\leq y \,\land\, y\leq x \enspace\rimp\enspace x=y.\]

PO#DEF-S. Strict Partial Order.

A binary relation $<$ on $X$ is a strict partial order if:

  1. Irreflexivity. For all $x\in X$,

    \[x \nless x.\]
  2. Transitivity. For all $x$, $y$, $z\in X$,

    \[x<y \,\land\, y<z \enspace\rimp\enspace x<z.\]
  3. Asymmetry. For all $x$, $y\in X$,

    \[x<y \enspace\rimp\enspace y\nless x.\]

PO#PROP-A.

A binary relation is a strict partial order as soon as it is irreflexive and transitive.

(This is why we do not talk about “strict preorder”.)

Proof.Irreflexivity and transitivity imply asymmetry: Let $<$ be an irreflexive and transitive relation on $X$. If $x<y$ and $y<x$, then $x<x$ by transitivity, contrary to irreflexivity.

PO#PROP-S.

$\leq$ is a partial order if and only if $<$ is a strict partial order.